In India, democratic standards continued to decline. While the country has a long record of competitive elections and high participation, the government under Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Bharatiya Janata Party pursued a Hindu-nationalist agenda, weakening democratic institutions. In the 2024 election, the BJP lost its absolute majority but retained control of 240 out of 543 seats in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of parliament, allowing Modi to form a coalition government. New legislation in several states restricted religious conversions and targeted minorities, while foreign NGOs were effectively banned.
India maintained strong economic growth, supported by lower energy prices, declining unemployment and robust domestic demand. However, industrialization and foreign investment in manufacturing remained limited. Inequalities persist despite reduced poverty. The government promoted self-reliance through protectionist policies.
Despite inevitably governing with coalition partners, the BJP does not show signs of moderation regarding its Hindu-nationalist agenda. The government implemented long-term political objectives and launched new social programs centered on digitalization and cash transfers. However, these programs often failed to reach marginalized groups.
