Libya’s political landscape remained shaped by competing administrations in the east and west, continued power struggles and external interference. Fragmented authority and weak rule of law enabled persistent human rights abuses, including arbitrary detentions and restrictions on civil society. Efforts to expand control over strategic areas, such as border crossings, underscored the fragile monopoly on the use of force. The reinstatement of the morality police further limited civil liberties, particularly for women.
Economic stability was undermined by the influence of armed factions. The 2024 central bank crisis and the temporary halt in oil production highlighted the severe politicization of key economic institutions. Liquidity shortages and recurrent floods further strained infrastructure and worsened living conditions. UN-mediated agreements allowed oil production to resume, but structural vulnerabilities persisted.
Governance remained constrained by institutional fragmentation and limited steering capacity. Competing authorities hindered effective policymaking, while the government engaged in symbolic measures to consolidate control. International mediation played a central role in managing crises, including efforts toward unifying institutions and preparing for future elections. Severe water scarcity continued to pose a long-term structural challenge.
