Turkmenistan remains one of the world’s most repressive states, marked by absolute control of President Serdar Berdimuhamedov and his father, National Leader Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov. Constitutional reforms in 2023 reinforced the ruling duumvirate, granting the elder Berdimuhamedov leadership of the upper house of parliament. The regime maintained strict control over political life, media and civil society, responding to growing public discontent with intensified repression.
The economy remains fragile despite official claims of stability. Real growth averaged around 2%, far below the government’s figures. Poverty, unemployment and food shortages have increased, while inflation continues to erode purchasing power. Government data remain unreliable, and living standards for most citizens continue to decline.
Diplomatic engagement modestly expanded through new multilateral agreements and cooperation with international organizations. However, these activities remain largely symbolic, serving to bolster the regime’s image abroad and attract investment in the gas sector rather than promoting genuine reform or market liberalization.
