Uzbekistan’s political reform momentum stalled following the 2023 constitutional referendum, which introduced controversial amendments containing political distortions. Presidential elections confirmed the incumbent, and the 2024 parliamentary vote marked a further decline in democratic standards. The absence of opposition parties entrenched one-party dominance and reinforced dysfunction within the political system.
Economic reform progressed slowly. Negotiations on WTO accession advanced, and modest fiscal reforms were implemented. However, systemic corruption and weak institutional capacity continue to hinder sustainable growth. Official reforms have not addressed structural inefficiencies or improved transparency.
Governance reforms remained largely declarative. The Uzbekistan-2030 strategy and environmental pledges contrasted with ongoing deforestation and poorly managed construction. Foreign policy showed a clear pro-Russian shift despite Tashkent’s refusal to join the Eurasian Economic Union. Regional uncertainty persisted as integration efforts in Central Asia lost momentum.
