The BTI’s quality stands or falls with the quality and validity of the country reports, which constitute the backbone of all our assessments and scores. We are as happy as we are proud to be able to rely on an invaluable network of 286 experts at top academic institutions and civil society organizations around the globe, 263 of whom agreed to be listed here. We extend our heartfelt thanks to all those individuals who have contributed their expertise.
Asia and Oceania
Sameen Mohsin Ali (University of Birmingham); Paul Barker (Institute of National Affairs, Port Moresby); Harry Blair (Bucknell University, Lewisburg); Michael Breen (The University of Melbourne); Marco Bünte (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen); Paul Chambers (Naresuan University, Phitsanulok); Neil DeVotta (Wake Forest University, Winston Salem); Luwie Ganeshathasan (Centre for Policy Alternatives, Colombo); Nasreen Ghufran (University of Peshawar); Min Hee Go (Ewha Womans University, Seoul); Aditya Batara Gunawan (Universitas Bakrie, Jakarta); Holly High (Deakin University, Geelong); Said Yaqub Ibrahimi (Carleton University, Ottawa); Hassan Javid (University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford); Thomas Kalinowski (Ewha Womans University, Seoul); Nurliana Kamaruddin (Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur); Pramod Kantha (Wright State University, Dayton); Markus Karbaum (Dr. Karbaum Consulting & Coaching, Zossen); Jung-eun Kim (Canadian Global Affairs Institute, Ottawa); Sung Kyung Kim (Sogang University, Seoul); David Kuehn (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Michael Leach (Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne); Chun-Yi Lee (University of Nottingham); Jasmin Lorch (German Institute of Development and Sustainability IDOS, Bonn); Timna Michlmayr (University of Vienna); Stephan Ortmann (Hong Kong Metropolitan University); Susan L. Ostermann (University of Notre Dame); Kai Ostwald (University of British Columbia, Vancouver); Saimum Parvez (Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society, Oslo); Susann Pham (Independent Consultant, Berlin); Johannes Plagemann (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Charmaine G. Ramos (Utrecht University); Janjira Sombatpoonsiri (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Maximus Tahu (Independent Consultant, Dili); Alexander Tan (University of Canterbury, Christchurch); Nhu Truong (University of Wisconsin-Madison); Lhawang Ugyel (Australian National University, Canberra); Jörg Wischermann (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Min Ye (Coastal Carolina University, Conway); Patrick Ziegenhain (President University, Cikarang)
Latin America and the Caribbean
Daniel Agramont (Peace Research Institute Frankfurt); Moises Arce (Tulane University, New Orleans); Jennifer Avila (Contra Corriente, Tegucigalpa); Mélany Barragán (University of Valencia); Ana Belén Benito Sánchez (Universidad Complutense de Madrid); Peter Birle (Ibero-American Institute - Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Berlin); Ilan Bizberg (El Colegio de México); Gustavo Bonifaz (Independent Researcher, London); Hector Briceño (University of Rostock); Daniel Chasquetti (Universidad de la República Uruguay, Montevideo); Liliana De Riz (Universidad de Buenos Aires); David Díaz Arias (Universidad de Costa Rica, San José); Rodolfo Disi Pavlic (Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago); Betty Espinosa (FLACSO Ecuador, Quito); Ricardo Gamboa Valenzuela (Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile); Viviana García Pinzón (Arnold Bergstraesser Institute ABI, Freiburg); Katrin Hansing (The City University of New York); Bert Hoffmann (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Kai Enno Lehmann (Universidade de São Paulo); Fabrice Lehoucq (The University of North Carolina, Greensboro); Ralf J. Leiteritz (Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá); Horace Levy (Jamaica Accountability Meter Portal JAMP, Kingston); Fernando Masi (Centro de Análisis y Difusión de la Economía Paraguaya CADEP, Asunción); Annita Montoute (The University of the West Indies); Carlos Morel (Instituto de Investigación Social para el Desarrollo ISD, Santiago de los Caballeros); Anselmo Muñiz (Instituto de Investigación Social para el Desarrollo ISD, Santiago de los Caballeros); Claire Nevache (Centro Internacional de Estudios Políticos y Sociales AIP, Panamá); Detlef Nolte (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Stefan Peters (Justus Liebig University, Giessen); Mirte Postema (Independent Consultant, Seattle); Bishnu Ragoonath (The University of the West Indies, Kingston); Désirée Reder (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Lucio Rennó (Universidade de Brasília); Sophie Rutenbar (New York University); Francisco Sánchez (University of Salamanca); Ana Soliz de Stange (Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg); Martín Tanaka (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú – PUCP, Lima); Marianne Tøraasen (Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen); Stacey-Ann Wilson (The University of the West Indies, Kingston); Claudia Zilla (German Institute for International and Security Affairs SWP, Berlin)
West and Central Africa
Baba S. Adou (University of Florida, Gainesville); Joseph Yaw Asomah (University of Manitoba, Winnipeg); Abu Bakarr Bah (Northern Illinois University, DeKalb); Ibrahim Bangura (University of Sierra Leone, Freetown); Milena Berks (Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies BICC); Maurice Beseng (University of Birmingham); Marie Brossier (Université Laval, Quebec City); Brett Logan Carter (University of Southern California, Los Angeles); Azizou Chabi Imorou (Institut pour la Gouvernance Démocratique, Abomey-Calavi); Leila Demarest (Leiden University); Helga Dickow (Arnold Bergstraesser Institute ABI, Freiburg); Hanza Diman (University of the Bundeswehr Munich); Sebastian Elischer (University of Florida, Gainesville); David Fuamba (University of Tübingen); Mamoudou Gazibo (Université de Montréal); Tim Glawion (Arnold Bergstraesser Institute ABI, Freiburg); Boubacar Haidara (Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies BICC); Christof Hartmann (University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg); Niklas Hultin (George Mason University, Fairfax); Sait Matty Jaw (Center for Research and Policy Development, Kololi); Melina C. Kalfelis (University of Bayreuth); Jakob Kerstan (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Kinshasa); Raphaela T. Kormoll (University of Liberia, Monrovia); Dominika Koter (Colgate University, Hamilton); Daniel Kramer (Independent Consultant, Bongaree); Marcel Maïga (Fokus Sahel, Berlin); Enrique Martino (Universidad Complutense de Madrid); Darrin P. McDonald (Leeds Beckett University); Angela Meyer (International Infrastructure Dialogue Centre IDC, Vienna); Yonatan Morse (University of Conneticut, Storrs); Freedom Chukwudi Onuoha (University of Nigeria Nsukka); Anja Osei (Freie Universität Berlin); Hans-Joachim Preuß (Andheri-Hilfe e.V., Bonn); Simon Primus (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen); Ana Lucia Sa (ISCTE - Instituto Universitario de Lisboa); Alexander Thurston (University of Cincinnati); Janneke Tiegna (Leipzig University); Douglas Yates (American Graduate School, Paris)
Southern and Eastern Africa
Jutta Bakonyi (Durham University); Matthias Basedau (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Nicole Beardsworth (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg); Catherine Boudet (Independent Researcher, Port-Louis); Nic Cheeseman (University of Birmingham); Stefan Cibian (Făgăraș Research Institute); Andrew Crawford (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Carlos Cuinhane (Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo); Nicola de Jager (Stellenbosch University); Marie-Eve Desrosiers (University of Ottawa); Boniface Dulani (University of Malawi, Zomba); Braden Fuller (ACLED, Logan); Nicole Hirt (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Sybille Jester (Independent Researcher, Lübeck); Moeketsi Kali (Strategic Institute for Research and Dialogue SIRD, Maseru); Linda Kamp (Independent Consultant, Nairobi); Benedikt Kamski (Arnold Bergstraesser Institute ABI, Freiburg); Motlamelle Anthony Kapa (National University of Lesotho, Maseru); Moses Khisa (North Carolina State University, Raleigh, and Stellenbosch University, South Africa); Simone Knapp (Kirchliche Arbeitsstelle Südliches Afrika KASA, Heidelberg); Alemu Leta (Ethiopian Civil Service University, Addis Ababa); Henning Melber (The Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala); Ken Menkhaus (Davidson College); Maike Messerschmidt (University of the Bundeswehr Munich); Kelvin Munisi (University of Dar es Salaam); Andrea Ostheimer (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Geneva); Eva Palmans (European Centre for Electoral Support ECES, Brussels); Justin Pearce (Stellenbosch University); Juvence Ramasy (Université de Toamasina); Ramola Ramtohul (University of Mauritius, Réduit); Danielle Resnick (IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC); Natalie Russmann (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Windhoek); Matthew Sabbi (Freie Universität Berlin); Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad (Independent Consultant, Oslo); Jon Schubert (University of Basel); Batlang Seabo (University of Botswana, Gaborone); Roger Southall (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg); Arne Tostensen (Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen)
Middle East and North Africa
Samer Abboud (Villanova University); Salma Abdalla (Independent Researcher, Oslo); Nassim AbiGhanem (Bard College Berlin); Christian Achrainer (Roskilde University); Melike Akkaraca Kose (Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona); Nidal Al Haj Sleiman (London School of Economics and Political Science); Ali Al-Mawlawi (Horizon Advisory Group, Baghdad); Martin Beck (University of Kurdistan Hewlêr, Erbil); Naoual Belakhdar (Freie Universität Berlin); Salim Çevik (German Institute for International and Security Affairs SWP, Berlin); Nora Derbal (Hamburg University); Paul Esber (University of Copenhagen); Ali Fathollah-Nejad (Center for Middle East and Global Order CMEG, Berlin); Iris Glosemeyer (Consultant, Berlin); Manara Hassan (Independent Researcher, Cairo); Martin Hvidt (University of Southern Denmark, Odense); Mujtaba Isani (Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad); David Jalilvand (Orient Matters GmbH, Potsdam); Asma Khalifa (German Institute for Global and Area Studies GIGA, Hamburg); Christian Koch (Gulf Research Center Foundation Brussels); Aziz Madi (German Jordanian University, Amman); Driss Maghraoui (Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane); Elham Manea (University of Zurich); Toby Matthiesen (University of Bristol); Mohamed Sami Mehiaoui (Coventry University); Ghaffar Mughal (Northeastern University, Boston); Chiara Pagano (University of Graz); Adrià Rivera Escartin (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC, Barcelona); Bente Scheller (Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Berlin); Anna Sunik (Independent Reseacher, Wiesbaden); Marc Valeri (University of Exeter); Tobias Zumbrägel (Heidelberg University)
East-Central and Southeast Europe
Daunis Auers (University of Latvia, Riga); Dimitar Bechev (University of Oxford); Una Bergmane (University of Helsinki); Ellen Bos (Andrássy Universität Budapest); Nikola Burazer (Centre for Contemporary Politics, Belgrade); Jürgen Dieringer (Brussels School of Governance); Jelena Dzankic (European University Institute EUI, Florence); Arolda Elbasani (European University of Tirana); Sejmir Elbasani (Economic Consultant, Tirana); Kristijan Fidanovski (University of Oxford); Sergiu Gherghina (University of Glasgow); Altin Gjeta (University of Birmingham); Igor Guardiancich (University of Padova); Petra Guasti (Charles University, Prague); Vlastimil Havlík (Masaryk University, Brno); Sorin Ionita (Expert Forum EFOR, Bucharest); Mažvydas Jastramskis (Vilnius University); Damir Kapidžić (University of Sarajevo); Soeren Keil (University of Passau); Albert Krasniqi (Democracy Plus D+, Prishtina); Sabina Lange (University of Ljubljana); Spela Majcen Marusic (Think Europe, Ljubljana); Darina Malová (Comenius University Bratislava); Zdenka Mansfeldová (The Czech Academy of Sciences CAS, Prague); Elitsa Markova (Open Society Institute - Sofia); Claudia Matthes (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin); Milena Muk (Institute Alternative, Podgorica); Miroslav Nemčok (University of Oslo); Ivan Nikolovski (Central European University, Vienna); Ausra Park (Siena University, Loudonville); Višeslav Raos (University of Zagreb); Dušan Reljić (European Affairs Consultant, Brussels); Ivor Sokolic (University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield); Liisa Talving (University of Tartu); Külli Taro (Tallinn University of Technology)
Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
Karena Avedissian (Regional Center for Democracy and Security, Yerevan); Thomas Barrett (Kyiv School of Economics); Annette Bohr (Chatham House, London); Irina Busygina (Harvard University, Cambridge); Kamil Calus (Centre for Eastern Studies, Warsaw); Tim Epkenhans (University of Freiburg); Altay Goyushov (Baku Research Institute); Aksana Ismailbekova (Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient, Berlin); Reinhard Krumm (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Washington, DC); Leonid Litra (New Europe Center, Kyiv); Uliana Movchan (V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University); Heiko Pleines (University of Bremen); Oliver Reisner (Ilia State University, Tbilisi); Farkhad Tolipov (Research Institution Knowledge Caravan, Tashkent); Elberel Tumenjargal (Researcher, Ulaanbaatar); George Voloshin (ACAMS, Paris); Andrei Yahorau (Center for European Transformation, Warsaw)