Political power in Azerbaijan remains firmly concentrated in the hands of the ruling family. By replacing senior officials with loyal cadres, President Aliyev has reinforced the executive’s control over all branches of government. Repression of opposition figures, civil society and independent media has intensified, while elections in 2024 took place in a highly restrictive environment, offering no genuine competition.
High global energy prices sustained economic growth, yet dependence on oil and gas remains extreme, accounting for the majority of state revenues and exports. Efforts to diversify production have shown limited success despite government initiatives to strengthen Azerbaijan’s role as an energy hub.
Following the 2023 reconquest of Karabakh, reconstruction in regained territories is underway. However, disputes with Armenia persist, and peace remains fragile despite improved policy coordination within the regime.
