Following the challenges and threats to Brazilian democracy under Jair Bolsonaro, the political situation has stabilized since 2023. The government has restored respect for opposition actors and freedoms of assembly and expression. Significant improvements were achieved in the protection of civil and human rights, and democratic institutions have regained some strength.
Brazil’s economic framework remains largely stable, with minor improvements in economic performance and equal opportunity under Lula. Indicators for market organization, fiscal stability and competition remain strong, reflecting continuity rather than structural change.
The government advanced environmental and education policies but faced resistance from the powerful agribusiness lobby, particularly regarding Indigenous land rights. Despite a fragmented Congress, Lula has improved policy coordination, consensus-building and reconciliation measures. Internationally, Brazil has regained credibility and plays an active role regionally and globally, though Latin American regionalism remains a challenge.
