Oman’s authoritarian system persisted during the review period, as the ruling family further consolidated power and dissent was increasingly suppressed. Arrests of activists and new Media Law signaled continued restrictions on freedom of expression, assembly and association. Public dissatisfaction grew, particularly among young Omanis, as democratic reforms remained absent. The 2023 Consultative Council election saw a low turnout, and no women were elected.
Economic performance improved due to high hydrocarbon revenues, enabling budget surpluses and a reduction in public debt. However, structural dependence on hydrocarbons and related price fragility remained and unemployment among young nationals – especially women – continues to stay high.
Governance continued to prioritize stability through cautious regional engagement. Oman deepened ties with Saudi Arabia and maintained its role as a mediator between the United States and Iran, and between the Houthis and Saudi Arabia. Security considerations continued to dominate policymaking, with the government prioritizing stability over political reform and relying on cautious regional engagement to mitigate external risks.
