Political participation in Zambia has become increasingly constrained. Although the legal framework was strengthened through the decriminalization of defamation of the president and the adoption of an access to information law, the authorities have continued to rely on other laws and other legal instruments to restrict opposition activities and critical expression. Rising political polarization and growing tensions between political actors have reduced tolerance for dissent and weakened the effective exercise of civil liberties.
Economic conditions deteriorated markedly in 2024. The removal of fuel and electricity subsidies under an IMF-supported reform program, combined with a severe drought that affected agricultural output and hydropower generation, sharply increased living costs. Inflation remained above 15% for much of the year, while economic growth slowed significantly. High poverty levels persisted, particularly in rural areas and among women.
Governance capacity has been strained by limited fiscal space, slow progress in debt restructuring and the impact of external shocks. While cooperation with international partners continues, rising social dissatisfaction and a more restrictive response to criticism have undermined consensus-building and the effective implementation of reforms.
