President Félix Tshisekedi consolidated his power following contested elections in December 2023, which were marred by allegations of fraud. Patronage networks and pervasive corruption further eroded democratic institutions and constrained political competition.
Economic growth remained heavily dependent on mineral exports, which accounted for most GDP growth. However, this expansion did not benefit the wider population, with more than 70% living below the poverty line. Agriculture stagnated, infrastructure remained underdeveloped, and the economy continued to rely on international aid. Environmental degradation from illegal mining and deforestation further threatened long-term development prospects.
Promised reforms were not implemented, and weak state capacity undermined governance. The security situation in the east deteriorated as armed groups controlled key areas, while corruption and underfunding limited the government’s response. Millions remained displaced and vulnerable to violence.
