Military rule has persisted since the coups of 2020 and 2021, with all key positions of power now held by military figures. Promised elections have not been held, and political participation as well as the rule of law have been increasingly curtailed.
The impacts of climate change and the deteriorating security situation have led to economic instability. An energy crisis, rising poverty and large-scale displacement reflect a deepening humanitarian crisis.
The withdrawal of the U.N. mission has led to further escalation of the conflict between Malian armed forces and Tuareg rebels. With Russian support, Malian forces are in a stronger position. International cooperation with Western partners has significantly deteriorated, and strained relations with regional organizations have prompted a shift toward bilateral partnerships.
